Квантовая теория процессов, происходящих на Солнце и звездах

Сhapter 1

    Chapter 1. introduction and review of the solar problems.

     The author suggests quantum theory of the processes occurring on the Sun and the starts, which accounts for nearly all solar processes, does not conflict with any fundamental law of physics and brings about radical change in our present insight into the universe. 

     But first, the author would like to introduce the present-day knowledge of astrophysicists of various solar problems. 

     The Sun is an ordinary star of our Galaxy. For the earthly viewer, the unique nature of the Sun consists in the fact that it is the nearest to us and, for the present, the only star, whose surface may be subject to detailed exploration. The Sun – is a gaseous or, to be more prices, plasmas sphere. The radius of the Sun is 6.96*10¹⁰ cm. The mass of the Sun is 1.99*10³³ g. The average period of rotation for the Sun is 25.38 days. Radiation power of the Sun, i.e., its existence, is 3.86*10³³erg/sec. or 3.86 *10²⁶W. The surface temperature of the Sun determined the theoretically is 6.000K. 

     The surface of the Sun is characterised by a granular structure, granularity. Granules are bright spots of rather a round form visible on the Sun image in the white light. the size of the granules varies in the range of 150 to 1.000 km, their lifetime is 5 – 10 min. Granules can be seen as round and light objects, surrounded by dark intervals. Astrophysicists estimated the temperature of light object. Solar granularity is explained by convective motion of the surface layers of the Sun, however, the causes underlying this process are not reported. 

     Sun-spots are often visible on the solar surface /photosphere/. Sun-spots are dark objects, consisting, as a rule, of a darker nucleus (the shadow) and a lighter half-shadow, which surrounds it. The diameter of the sun-spots differs from several thousand kilometres to more than one hundred thousand kilometres. The lifetime of the sum-spots is from several hours to several month. From comparison of line intensities and continuous spectrum of the spots and photosphere it follows that the spots are one-to-two thousand degrees colder than the photosphere. All the sun-spots have a strong magnetic field reaching the strength level of 5.000 oersted. The spots usually form the groups, which are always surrounded by torches and solar prominences. Solar flashes sometimes occur in the vicinity of groups of the sun-spots, and the formation of ray-like objects ( helmets, large fans) is observed in the solar corona above them. All these together form the active region of the Sun. X-ray photograph of the Sun depicts the Sun-spots as bright objects against the generally dark background. The sun-spots are hollows in the photosphere. Options differ as to the estimation of the sun-spots depth, but in general, the value of these thousand kilometres is reported. The nature of their formation is the aspect of controversy among astrophysicists. Hitherto, not a single theory of the sun-spots formation has been unanimously approved. Formation of a light (in the rays of optical range) object, called the torch, precedes the appearance of the sun-spots in this region of the atmosphere of the Sun. The occurrence of the sun-spots is accompanied by strong flashes in the atmosphere of the Sun, which are observed in the rays of the optical range and the light of the chromospheric lines. The effect of the solar flashes upon the Earth takes the form of increase in the flux of the solar particles, of magnetic storms, of aurora, of radio blackouts, etc. (See Fig. 1). 
 

     The luminance of the solar disc decreases from the centre to the edge, and the level of this decrease is dependent on the wavelength, so that, e.g. , the luminance at the edge of the solar disc for the light with a wavelength of 3,000 A is about 0,2 of that in its centre, and for 5,000 A – of about 0,3 of the solar disc luminance. At the very edge of the solar disc the luminance decreases 100 times within less than one second of the ars, hence, the boundary of the solar disc is very well defined. This phenomenon was called "darkening towards the edge”.

     Numerous solar processes of interest take place in the atmosphere of the Sun. The solar atmosphere is conventionally subdivided into two Layers. The closest layers to the solar surface is called chromosphere, the remotest Layer – solar corona.

     Solar activity is most intense in chromosphere – light sphere with a reddish tint , well observed at the time , which immediately precedes the moment , when Sun is hidden behind the Moon completely . It is in chromosphere that the above mentioned solar prominences , torches and flashes are observed in their diversity . One of the most remarkable and beautiful phenomena , which occurs in chromosphere , are the spicules . Spicules are the streams of matter , rising upwards with speeds of 20 – 30 km/sec  to the height of more than 6 , 000 km . The forest of spicules observed is a constant feature of chromosphere . Separate spicules are geometrically thin – many of them are less than 500 km in thickness. Some of the scientists consider that at any moment of time about a million spicules exist on the Sun. There is controversy as to the origin of the spicules. All the above solar phenomena are depicted in Fig. 2

 

     Solar corona is considerably simpler in structure than chromosphere and photosphere. The corona is especially bright close to the Sun, and long rays extend for large distances. The specific feature of the corona is its extremely high temperature, about two million degrees on the average . Above the sun – spots , the corona temperature reaches one hundred million degrees . It is but natural to ask a question : why is the solar corona heated so heavily? This is what Mookhin L. M. , Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , wrote in this connection in his book " Astronomy World” ( page 205 ):

     "The nature of solar flashes , prominences, sun-spots will be clear only at the time, when the mechanism , leading to the emergence of magnetic fields on the Sun is completely studied. At present, there is no conventional theory of all these phenomena. That is why we do not understand, in particular, what the sun – spot stability is provided by; what the corona heating process Iooks like, etc.”

     And what processes take place in the entrails of Sun? According to the modern judgements of astrophysicists, thermonuclear reactions take place in the entrails of the Sun, in the course of which hydrogen is combustible. Hydrogen burning turns it into helium with the thermonuclear energy release , at the expense of which the Sun shines . The temperature of the solar entrails is supposed to be about sixteen million degrees. But in the theory of thermonuclear processes, taking place in the entrails of the Sun, not everything is clear to the astrophysicists as well. The thing is that these reactions should be accompanied by release of a huge number of elementary particles, neutrino. But when the well – known American astrophysicist – experimenter Davis R. Of Brukehaven National Laboratory – designed his solar neutrino detector and this device didn't manage to discover solar neutrino for many years, the crisis of confidence appeared concerning the basic theories of Stella constitution and evolution. One of the leading modern astrophysicists Cameron A. Says that it is the problem of solar neutrino that serves as a warning about the necessity of being careful, when asserting that we have already gained an understanding of the nature of the solar entrails and the other stars.